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How do transgenic animals contribute to human welfare?

Medical Applications

Transplant organs may soon come from transgenic animals.

a) xenotransplantation 

Patients die every year for lack of a replacement heart, liver, or kidney. For 

example, about 5,000 organs are needed each year in the United Kingdom 

alone.25 Transgenic pigs may provide the transplant organs needed to 

alleviate the shortfall.9 Currently, xenotransplantation is hampered by a pig 

protein that can cause donor rejection but research is underway to remove 

the pig protein and replace it with a human protein.25

Milk-producing transgenic animals are especially useful for medicines.

b) nutritional supplements and pharmaceuticals 

Products such as insulin, growth hormone, and blood anti-clotting factors 

may soon be or have already been obtained from the milk of transgenic 

cows, sheep, or goats.3,12,23 Research is also underway to manufacture milk 

through transgenesis for treatment of debilitating diseases such as 

phenylketonuria (PKU), hereditary emphysema, and cystic fibrosis.3,13,23,25

In 1997, the first transgenic cow, Rosie, produced human protein-enriched 

milk at 2.4 grams per litre. This transgenic milk is a more nutritionally 

balanced product than natural bovine milk and could be given to babies or 

the elderly with special nutritional or digestive needs.4,21,23 Rosie’s milk 

contains the human gene alpha-lactalbumin.

A transgenic cow exists that produces a substance to help human red cells grow.

c) human gene therapy 

Human gene therapy involves adding a normal copy of a gene (transgene) to 

the genome of a person carrying defective copies of the gene. The potential 

for treatments for the 5,000 named genetic diseases is huge and transgenic 

animals could play a role. For example, the A. I. Virtanen Institute in Finland 

produced a calf with a gene that makes the substance that promotes the 

growth of red cells in humans.24